Processing of a specific memory is generally completed within one to three sessions. EMDR therapy differs from other trauma-focused treatments in that it does not include extended exposure to the distressing memory, detailed descriptions of the trauma, challenging of dysfunctional beliefs or homework assignments.
Homework Assignments For Substance Abuse vederlo istruzioni l
Methods: The present narrative review summarizes results from clinical studies, thus investigating the psychotogenic properties of abused substances and the psychotic symptoms they can give rise to. It also discusses the association between substance abuse and psychosis, especially with regards to the differential diagnosis between a primary vs. a substance-induced psychotic disorder.
Furthermore, over the last decades, a vast range of new psychoactive substances has emerged: synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivates, phencyclidine-like dissociatives, piperazines, and GABA A/B receptors agonists are steeply becoming more rampant among the drug abuse panorama (6).
A previous review of our group showed that psychosis due to substance abuse is a common issue in clinical practice and that the propensity to develop psychosis seems to be associated with the severity of use and dependence (2). However, this topic is continuously changing, with new substances coming out every day. Thus, an update of the previous review is highly required to create a better understanding of substance induced psychosis.
The other important issue is that subjects who presented psychotic symptoms after substance abuse seemed to have a higher risk of the development of a primary psychotic illness (11). In fact, recent studies provide evidences that the abovementioned group of subjects is more likely to develop a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder or a primary psychotic disorder (11, 12).
On the other hand, even when the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis is formulated and psychotic symptoms decrease after metabolization and excretion processes, patients are frequently lost during follow-up (11, 158). This specific event is an issue, given that the relationship between substance-induced psychosis and the development of several mental illnesses is well-established and a long-term follow-up period is needed to identify, prevent, and effectively treat further relapses (13). In fact, up to 32.2% of substance-induced psychoses may convert to either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (13). The highest conversion rate was observed in cannabis users. However, except for the substances most studied in the literature (namely, cannabis, cocaine, and methamphetamines), only a few data are available on the persistence of psychosis after acute intoxication and withdrawal. Moreover, even when the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis is formulated, the conversion rate varies a lot across substances and studies and is influenced by several factors, such as subsequent abstinence (35) and individual vulnerability (46). In addition, younger age at the onset of substances abuse plays a fundamental role in the risk of a more probable conversion to a severe condition.
Let's review. Health services supply many options for health care consumers through emergency, preventative, rehabilitative, long-term, hospital, diagnostic, primary, palliative, and home care. The goal of health services is to make health care accessible, high quality, and patient-centered. Basic health services are known as primary care, outpatient care, and emergency care. Other types of health services include mental health care, dental care, laboratory and diagnostic care, substance abuse treatment, preventative care, physical and occupational health, nutritional support, pharmaceutical care, transportation, and prenatal care. 2ff7e9595c
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