BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing protocol most commonly used for distributing large files over the Internet, and is estimated to account for some 35% of all Internet traffic. The protocol works initially when a file provider makes data available to the network by creating a BitTorrent (.torrent) file, which contains metadata about the file(s) to be shared and the tracker that coordinates its distribution. What essentially happens is that the file provider treats the file as a number of identically sized pieces and creates a checksum (used for detecting errors that may have been introduced during storage of the data) for each piece using a secure hash algorithm, which is then recorded in the .torrent file. This known as seeding, and enables others, peers, to connect and download the file. When a peer eventually receives the pieces, the checksum of each piece is compared to the recorded checksum to check that the piece is error-free by a BitTorrent client (a program that manages torrent downloads and uploads using the BitTorrent protocol). Once a peer has downloaded the file, it becomes available for other peers to download thus creating another seed for it. Depending on the number of seeds for a given file, this technology allows peers to download the file from multiple locations concurrently, exponentially increasing the likelihood of a successful download and significantly reducing the original distributor's hardware and bandwidth resource costs. In addition, the protocol provides redundancy against system problems and reduces dependence on the original distributor.
The Pirate Bay is a Swedish web service that indexes and tracks .torrent files. As such it provides a search engine to its database of .torrent files (not the actual files) and a BitTorrent tracker, which coordinates communication between peers attempting to download the payload of the torrents. The Pirate bay publicizes its tracker's URL, and the site's users then upload torrents to the index with the tracker's URL embedded in them, providing all the features necessary to initiate a download. That is, The Pirate Bay is no more responsible for the content hosted on its servers than a search engine like Google, which incidentally provides a far more comprehensive list of links to torrents hosted on virtually every one of the hundreds of BitTorrent trackers that exist. Please take note of this important fact, as it has been revisited a number of times during the actual trial.
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